{"id":2330,"date":"2025-07-29T08:00:30","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T11:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/?p=2330"},"modified":"2025-08-16T17:00:53","modified_gmt":"2025-08-16T20:00:53","slug":"risco-a-soberania-digital-e-pressao-geopolitica-no-indo-pacifico-por-victoria-de-aquino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/2025\/07\/29\/risco-a-soberania-digital-e-pressao-geopolitica-no-indo-pacifico-por-victoria-de-aquino\/","title":{"rendered":"Risco \u00e0 soberania digital e press\u00e3o geopol\u00edtica no Indo-Pac\u00edfico por Vict\u00f3ria de Aquino"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 18 de julho de 2025, o ministro da Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Seguran\u00e7a Nacional de Singapura K.\u202fShanmugam confirmou que o grupo APT UNC3886 \u2014China\u2011nexus espionage group, conforme Mandiant\u2014, o qual atacava sistematicamente a infraestrutura cr\u00edtica de Singapura, incluindo os setores de energia, transportes, telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, sa\u00fade e \u00e1gua, com riscos severos de espionagem e grande dano econ\u00f4mico e social.\u202f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A interrup\u00e7\u00e3o de energia poderia paralisar hospitais, sistemas de pagamento, aeroportos e transporte p\u00fablico, afetando a confian\u00e7a nos servi\u00e7os e o status como um dos pa\u00edses mais avan\u00e7ados digitalmente na \u00c1sia, posi\u00e7\u00e3o que lhe rendeu o primeiro lugar em um recente estudo sobre qualidade de vida digital, envolvendo mais de 30 na\u00e7\u00f5es tecnologicamente desenvolvidas (iTWire, 2025).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A motiva\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria do ataque estaria ligada \u00e0 busca por dados da intelig\u00eancia operacional, visando enfraquecer a competitividade de Singapura como centro digital regional, al\u00e9m de interceptar comunica\u00e7\u00f5es sens\u00edveis com atores externos (Times in Asia, 2025).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 19 de julho de 2025, a Embaixada da Rep\u00fablica Popular da China em Singapura, por meio de comunicado institucional, reagiu \u00e0s reportagens veiculadas pelo <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Straits Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> e outros meios locais que atribu\u00edram \u00e0 organiza\u00e7\u00e3o UNC3886 a autoria de ataques cibern\u00e9ticos contra setores sens\u00edveis da infraestrutura nacional de Singapura, com base em informa\u00e7\u00f5es de uma empresa de ciberseguran\u00e7a estrangeira \u201cMandiant\u201d. Em resposta, a China repudiou qualquer tentativa de associa\u00e7\u00e3o estatal com o referido grupo, qualificando as alega\u00e7\u00f5es como especulativas e difamat\u00f3rias.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O ataque \u00e0 operadora Singtel em 2024, atribu\u00eddo ao grupo APT Volt Typhoon (tamb\u00e9m associado \u00e0 China), teve o prop\u00f3sito de inserir persist\u00eancia em infraestrutura submarina de telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, sem causar interrup\u00e7\u00e3o imediata, configurando um vetor para potencial comprometimento em cen\u00e1rios de conting\u00eancia (Reuters, 2024). Analogamente, UNC3886 segue uma linha de espionagem t\u00e9cnica com inten\u00e7\u00e3o geoestrat\u00e9gica compar\u00e1vel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0 luz dos Artigos sobre Responsabilidade do Estado por Atos Internacionalmente Il\u00edcitos (ARSIWA, CDI\/2001), a imputa\u00e7\u00e3o de responsabilidade internacional exige a demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o de controle efetivo do Estado sobre o(s) autor(es) do ato il\u00edcito, conforme estabelecido no precedente cl\u00e1ssico Nicar\u00e1gua vs. Estados Unidos (CIJ, 1986). No caso concreto, embora a m\u00eddia singapurense, com base em relat\u00f3rios de empresas de ciberseguran\u00e7a ocidentais, tenha atribu\u00eddo os recentes ataques \u00e0 infraestrutura cr\u00edtica de Singapura ao grupo UNC3886 \u2014 supostamente vinculado a interesses estatais chineses \u2014, o governo singapurense restringiu-se, at\u00e9 o momento, a uma atribui\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o contenciosa, de car\u00e1ter simb\u00f3lico e informativo, sem proceder \u00e0 responsabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o formal da Rep\u00fablica Popular da China (Straits Times, 2025).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em resposta, a Embaixada da China em Singapura emitiu nota oficial refutando a suposta vincula\u00e7\u00e3o estatal:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 160px; text-align: justify;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201ca China se op\u00f5e firmemente e combate qualquer forma de ataque cibern\u00e9tico, em conformidade com a lei, e n\u00e3o incentivar\u00e1, apoiar\u00e1 ou tolerar\u00e1 ataques de hackers. A seguran\u00e7a cibern\u00e9tica \u00e9 um desafio global. A China est\u00e1 disposta a continuar a cooperar com todas as partes, incluindo Singapura, para mantermos em conjunto a seguran\u00e7a do ciberespa\u00e7o\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Embaixada da China, 2025).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internamente, projeta-se a revis\u00e3o da Cybersecurity Act at\u00e9 o final de 2025, com o objetivo de ampliar as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es legais de notifica\u00e7\u00e3o compuls\u00f3ria de incidentes e refor\u00e7ar a capacidade de supervis\u00e3o sobre os operadores de infraestrutura cr\u00edtica (Times in Asia, 2025). Em perspectiva regional, o epis\u00f3dio reacende press\u00f5es sobre a ASEAN para a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de um regime cooperativo de defesa cibern\u00e9tica, envolvendo coordena\u00e7\u00e3o normativa, protocolos conjuntos de resposta e mecanismos diplom\u00e1ticos de dissuas\u00e3o, diante do crescente papel dos ataques cibern\u00e9ticos como instrumentos de coer\u00e7\u00e3o interestatal no contexto geopol\u00edtica do Indo-Pac\u00edfico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Refer\u00eancias:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EMBAIXADA DA REP\u00daBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA EM SINGAPURA. Declara\u00e7\u00e3o oficial sobre alega\u00e7\u00f5es de ciberataques atribu\u00eddas ao grupo UNC3886. Singapura, 19 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sg.china-embassy.gov.cn\/sghdsgzs\/202507\/t20250719_11673361.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/sg.china-embassy.gov.cn\/sghdsgzs\/202507\/t20250719_11673361.htm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CYBER SECURITY AGENCY OF SINGAPORE (CSA). Media statement on our responses to APTs. Singapura, 18 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/news-events\/press-releases\/media-statement-on-our-responses-to-apt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.csa.gov.sg\/news-events\/press-releases\/media-statement-on-our-responses-to-apt<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TIMES IN ASIA. Cyber attackers hit Singapore\u2019s critical infrastructure, raising regional security concerns. Times in Asia, 18 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/timesinasia.com\/cyber-attackers-hit-singapore-hit-by-infrastructure\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/timesinasia.com\/cyber-attackers-hit-singapore-hit-by-infrastructure\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">iTWire. The countries with the best quality of digital life: ranked for 2025. iTWire, 29 jun. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/itwire.com\/guest-articles\/guest-research\/the-countries-with-the-best-quality-of-digital-life-ranked-for-2025.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/itwire.com\/guest-articles\/guest-research\/the-countries-with-the-best-quality-of-digital-life-ranked-for-2025.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EMBAIXADA DA REP\u00daBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA EM SINGAPURA. Declara\u00e7\u00e3o oficial sobre UNC3886. Beijing, 19 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sg.china-embassy.gov.cn\/eng\/sgxw\/202507\/t20250719_1123456.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/sg.china-embassy.gov.cn\/eng\/sgxw\/202507\/t20250719_1123456.htm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MANDIANT. China-nexus espionage actor UNC3886 targets Juniper routers. Google Cloud, 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/topics\/threat-intelligence\/china-nexus-espionage-targets-juniper-routers\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/topics\/threat-intelligence\/china-nexus-espionage-targets-juniper-routers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CHANNEL NEWS ASIA. Singapore cyberattack: Naming UNC3886 not about blaming a country. CNA, 20 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/commentary\/singapore-cyberattack-threat-security-unc3886-attribution-blame-country-5256086\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/commentary\/singapore-cyberattack-threat-security-unc3886-attribution-blame-country-5256086<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GLOBAL TIMES. Chinese embassy rebukes cyberattack accusation from Singapore media. Global Times, 19 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202507\/1338735.shtml\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202507\/1338735.shtml<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">STRAITS TIMES. Cybersecurity group UNC3886 behind attacks on Singapore, says minister. The Straits Times, 18 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/cybersecurity-group-unc3886-behind-attacks-on-singapore-says-minister\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/cybersecurity-group-unc3886-behind-attacks-on-singapore-says-minister<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A. Atividades militares e paramilitares na e contra a Nicar\u00e1gua (Nicar\u00e1gua v. Estados Unidos da Am\u00e9rica). Senten\u00e7a de 27 de junho de 1986. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/70\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/70<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COMISS\u00c3O DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL. Artigos sobre responsabilidade do Estado por atos internacionalmente il\u00edcitos (ARSIWA). In: Relat\u00f3rio da Comiss\u00e3o de Direito Internacional sobre os trabalhos da sua cinquenta e terceira sess\u00e3o. ONU, 2001. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/documentation\/english\/a_cn4_490.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/documentation\/english\/a_cn4_490.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE\u2019S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. China\u2019s position on international cybersecurity cooperation. Beijing, 20 jul. 2025. Dispon\u00edvel em: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/zxxx_662805\/202507\/t20250720_1111983.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/zxxx_662805\/202507\/t20250720_1111983.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*\u00a0 Vict\u00f3ria de Aquino\u00a0 \u00e9 pesquisadora no LabGRIMA.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Em 18 de julho de 2025, o ministro da Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Seguran\u00e7a Nacional de Singapura K.\u202fShanmugam confirmou que o grupo APT UNC3886 \u2014China\u2011nexus espionage group, conforme Mandiant\u2014, o qual atacava sistematicamente a infraestrutura cr\u00edtica de Singapura, incluindo os setores de energia, transportes, telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, sa\u00fade e \u00e1gua, com riscos severos de espionagem e grande dano econ\u00f4mico &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/2025\/07\/29\/risco-a-soberania-digital-e-pressao-geopolitica-no-indo-pacifico-por-victoria-de-aquino\/\">Continue lendo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":636,"featured_media":2332,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,21,28,1],"tags":[108,4],"class_list":["post-2330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-expert-opinions","category-labgrima-expert","category-news","category-noticias","tag-ciberseguranca","tag-geopolitica","nodate","item-wrap"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/files\/2025\/07\/magnus-engo-mbXEkW5ZyBQ-unsplashB-Copia.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/636"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2330"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2346,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330\/revisions\/2346"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2330"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2330"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/labgrima\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}