{"id":3135,"date":"2026-05-15T10:27:56","date_gmt":"2026-05-15T13:27:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/?page_id=3135"},"modified":"2026-05-15T11:28:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-15T14:28:08","slug":"de-volta-a-origem-os-dinossauros-surgiram-aqui","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/?page_id=3135","title":{"rendered":"De volta \u00e0 origem: os dinossauros surgiram aqui"},"content":{"rendered":"

O Mesoz\u00f3ico<\/strong><\/span> \u00e9 uma era do tempo geol\u00f3gico compreendida entre 252 – 66 milh\u00f5es de anos (m.a.) que come\u00e7a ap\u00f3s a maior extin\u00e7\u00e3o em massa da hist\u00f3ria e se divide em tr\u00eas per\u00edodos, de acordo com aspectos paleobiogeogr\u00e1ficos, sendo esses: Tri\u00e1ssico<\/span> (252 – 201 m.a.), Jur\u00e1ssico<\/span> (201 – 143 m.a.) e o Cret\u00e1ceo<\/span> (143 – 66 m.a.) <\/span>(Cohen <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2013)<\/span>, tendo fim com a queda de um meteorito que se chocou com a Terra onde hoje \u00e9 a Am\u00e9rica do Norte <\/span>(Schulte <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2010)<\/span>, culminando na extin\u00e7\u00e3o de diversos grupos de plantas e animais.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ainda no come\u00e7o dessa era existia a Pang\u00e9ia, um supercontinente formado por todas as massas de terras ent\u00e3o emersas que durou desde o Carbon\u00edfero Superior at\u00e9 o Tri\u00e1ssico M\u00e9dio, sendo esse, banhado de todos os lados pelo oceano Pantalassa <\/span>(Wopfner & Jin, 2009)<\/span>. \"\"<\/a>Devido a essa aglomera\u00e7\u00e3o de terras, o Mesoz\u00f3ico \u00e9 marcado por uma relativa estabilidade clim\u00e1tica, com o Tri\u00e1ssico e o Jur\u00e1ssico sendo bastante \u00e1ridos, sobretudo no interior, devido ao efeito de continentalidade <\/span>(Mu\u00f1oz <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 1985)<\/span>, enquanto que no Cret\u00e1ceo Inferior houve um per\u00edodo mais \u00famido, sobretudo perto do Mar de Tethys <\/span>(Hallam, 1985)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 1: Mapa da Pang\u00e9ia durante o Tri\u00e1ssico. Cr\u00e9ditos: Eikeskog1225.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Embora seja conhecido popularmente como a \u2018\u2019Era dos dinossauros\u2019\u2019, in\u00fameros outros grupos de organismos s\u00e3o caracter\u00edsticos do Mesoz\u00f3ico, desde vertebrados terrestres como pterossauros <\/span>(Baron, 2021)<\/span>, rincossauros <\/span>(Ezcurra et al., 2016)<\/span> e os primeiros mam\u00edferos <\/span>(Kermack & Kermack, 1984)<\/span>, diversas linhagens de r\u00e9pteis marinhos como os ictiossauros, plesiossauros e mosassauros <\/span>(Motani, 2009)<\/span>, invertebrados como os amonites <\/span>(Kennedy, 1997)<\/span> e as primeiras plantas angiospermas <\/span>(Axelrod, 1970)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 2: Paleoambiente terrestre do Mesoz\u00f3ico mostrando dinossauros e mam\u00edferos convivendo. Cr\u00e9ditos: Mark Witton, Steven C. Sweetman, Grant Smith e David M. Martill.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 3: Paleoambiente marinho do Mesoz\u00f3ico mostrando intera\u00e7\u00f5es entre mosassauros, amonites e peixes \u00f3sseos. Cr\u00e9ditos: Andrey Atuchin.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tri\u00e1ssico<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

O Tri\u00e1ssico \u00e9 o primeiro per\u00edodo da era Mesoz\u00f3ica, que come\u00e7a ap\u00f3s a extin\u00e7\u00e3o em massa mais devastadora do \u00e9on Faneroz\u00f3ico, a extin\u00e7\u00e3o do Permo-Tri\u00e1ssico, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como \u2018\u2019A grande morte\u2019\u2019, que dizimou cerca de 90% das esp\u00e9cies marinhas e 70% das terrestres <\/span>(Erwin, 1994 e 1995)<\/span>, causada pela acidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, an\u00f3xia e eleva\u00e7\u00e3o na temperatura dos oceanos <\/span>(Wignall & Bond, 2024)<\/span> e um intenso vulcanismo respons\u00e1vel por um efeito estufa e aquecimento global catastr\u00f3ficos <\/span>(Grard <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2005)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Durante esse per\u00edodo, a Pang\u00e9ia j\u00e1 apresentava alguns pontos de rifteamento que posteriormente contribu\u00edram para a separa\u00e7\u00e3o completa da mesma <\/span>(Frizon de Lamotte, 2015; Golonka, 2007)<\/span>, dando origem a dois supercontinentes: Laur\u00e1sia (ao norte), incluindo terras que hoje s\u00e3o a Am\u00e9rica do Norte e Eur\u00e1sia, e Gondwana (ao sul), que inclui o que atualmente \u00e9 a Am\u00e9rica do Sul, \u00c1frica, Oriente M\u00e9dio, Subcontinente Indiano, Austr\u00e1lia e Ant\u00e1rtica <\/span>(Gargaud <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2015)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Em geral, o Tri\u00e1ssico foi um per\u00edodo bastante quente e seco, embora tenham existido epis\u00f3dios mais \u00famidos, como foi o Evento Pluvial do Carniano <\/span>(Benton <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2018)<\/span>, que aconteceu h\u00e1 cerca de 232 m.a. e proporcionou uma irradia\u00e7\u00e3o evolutiva de v\u00e1rios grupos de vertebrados que depois se tornaram dominantes em ambientes terrestres durante o resto da era Mesoz\u00f3ico <\/span>(Dal Corso <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2020)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 4: Paleoambiente do Tri\u00e1ssico mostrando rincossauros (\u00e0 frente) e Prestosuchus<\/i> (ao fundo). Cr\u00e9ditos: Gabriel Ugueto.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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A paleoflora do Tri\u00e1ssico \u00e9 formada, principalmente, pela assembl\u00e9ia denominada Flora de <\/span>Dicroidium<\/span><\/i>, que consiste em plantas adaptadas a regi\u00f5es mais \u00e1ridas, condizentes com as adapta\u00e7\u00f5es que apresentam, como cut\u00edcula mais grossa e an\u00e9is de crescimento bem marcados <\/span>(Colombi <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2011; Sommer<\/span> et al.<\/span><\/i>, 1999)<\/span>. Entre os principais grupos de plantas dessa assembl\u00e9ia est\u00e3o as Pteridospermales (<\/span>Dicroidium<\/span><\/i>), Equisetales (cavalinhas), Cycadales (cicas), Ginkgoales (atualmente representada apenas pela esp\u00e9cie <\/span>Ginkgo biloba<\/span><\/i>) e as Pinales (con\u00edferas), entre outros <\/span>(Chatterjee <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2013)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 5: Paleoflora de Dicroidium<\/i> presente no Tri\u00e1ssico. Cr\u00e9ditos: Michael Rothman.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\nForma\u00e7\u00e3o Santa Maria<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

A Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Santa Maria, datada do per\u00edodo Carniano (237 – 227 m.a.) <\/span>(Zerfass <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2005)<\/span>, est\u00e1 localizado na Depress\u00e3o Central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os munic\u00edpios de Mata e Ven\u00e2ncio Aires e apresenta uma grande variedade de f\u00f3sseis de vertebrados <\/span>(Abdala & Dornelles, 2002)<\/span>, entre os quais se destacam os primeiros dinossauros conhecidos <\/span>(Langer <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2010; Marsola <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2018)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Essa forma\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 dividida em quatro biozonas (intervalos estratigr\u00e1ficos marcados pela ocorr\u00eancia de um taxon ou linhagem espec\u00edficos <\/span>(MacLeod, 2005)<\/span>), sendo elas, da mais antiga \u00e0 mais recente: Zona de Associa\u00e7\u00e3o (ZA) de <\/span>Dinodontosaurus <\/span><\/i>(com abund\u00e2ncia de f\u00f3sseis de cinodontes como o <\/span>Massetognathus<\/span><\/i> e arcossauros como o <\/span>Prestosuchus<\/span><\/i>), ZA de <\/span>Santacruzodon<\/span><\/i> (composta por cinodontes n\u00e3o-mamaliformes <\/span>(Horn <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2014)<\/span>, presentes tamb\u00e9m na ZA anterior), ZA de <\/span>Hyperodapedon<\/span><\/i> (abrangendo in\u00fameras linhagens, com destaque para o rincossauro <\/span>Hyperodapedon<\/span><\/i>, Lagerpetidae como <\/span>Ixalerpeton <\/span><\/i>e o rec\u00e9m descoberto <\/span>Venetoraptor <\/span><\/i>(M\u00fcller <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2023)<\/span>, al\u00e9m de dinossauros como <\/span>Buriolestes<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Bagualosaurus<\/span><\/i>) e ZA de <\/span>Riograndia<\/span><\/i> (rico em cinodontes como <\/span>Brasilodon<\/span><\/i>, Procolophonidae como o <\/span>Soturnia<\/span><\/i> e dinossauros como <\/span>Sacisaurus<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Guaibasaurus<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Barberena, 1977; Schultz <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2020)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 6: Prestosuchus<\/i> (devorando dicinodonte) e um grupo de Parvosuchus<\/i> (\u00e0 frente).\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9ditos: Matheus Fernandes.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Primeiros dinossauros<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

Os f\u00f3sseis mais antigos conhecidos, que com certeza pertencem \u00e0 dinossauros, s\u00e3o encontrados na Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Santa Maria <\/span>(Langer <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2010; Marsola <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2018)<\/span>, seguidos, provavelmente, pela Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Ischigualasto, na Argentina <\/span>(Mart\u00ednez <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2012)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Os dinossauros formam um grupo de Archosauria <\/span>(Benton & Clark, 1988) <\/span>e s\u00e3o reconhecidos, entre outras caracter\u00edsticas, por uma p\u00e9lvis com um acet\u00e1bulo aberto para o encaixe do f\u00eamur, por ossos do tornozelo (astr\u00e1galo e calc\u00e2neo) mais refor\u00e7ados <\/span>(Blanco <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2020; Brusatte, 2012)<\/span>, al\u00e9m da presen\u00e7a de protopenas j\u00e1 nas primeiras linhagens <\/span>(Lingham-Soliar, 2010; Xu & Barrett, 2025)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e3o divididos em dois grupos segundo a dire\u00e7\u00e3o em que aponta o osso do p\u00fabis <\/span>(Macaluso & Tschopp, 2018)<\/span>: Ornithischia, com um p\u00fabis apontando para tr\u00e1s e um bico c\u00f3rneo formado a partir do osso pr\u00e9-dent\u00e1rio (ex: <\/span>Triceratops<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Parasaurolophus<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Stegosaurus<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Ankylosaurus<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Ferigolo & Langer, 2007; Norman <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2004)<\/span>; e Saurischia, com o p\u00fabis apontando para a frente; sendo esse segundo grupo subdividido em Sauropodomorpha, quadr\u00fapedes preferencialmente herb\u00edvoros, inicialmente de pequeno porte (ex: <\/span>Plateosaurus<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Yates, 2012)<\/span>, mas que ao longo do Mesoz\u00f3ico dar\u00e3o origem aos maiores animais terrestres da hist\u00f3ria (ex: <\/span>Brachiosaurus<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Diplodocus<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Sander <\/span>et al.<\/span><\/i>, 2011)<\/span>; Theropoda, formado por carn\u00edvoros b\u00edpedes (ex: <\/span>Allosaurus<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Tyrannosaurus<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Velociraptor<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Archaeopteryx<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Yates, 2005) <\/span>e que, posteriormente, dar\u00e3o origem ao \u00fanico grupo de dinossauros vivos: as Aves <\/span>(Abourachid & H\u00f6fling, 2012; Clarke & Middleton, 2006); <\/span>al\u00e9m dos Herrerasauridae, uma linhagem de dinossauros b\u00edpedes e carn\u00edvoros, convergentemente similares aos Theropoda, por\u00e9m restritos ao Tri\u00e1ssico da Am\u00e9rica do Sul (ex: <\/span>Gnathovorax<\/span><\/i> e <\/span>Staurikosaurus<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>(Benedetto, 1973; Garcia et al., 2023)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 7: Diferen\u00e7as na bacia entre Saurischia (esq.) e Ornithischia (dir.). Cr\u00e9ditos: AdmiralHood.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Fig. 8: \u00c1rvore filogen\u00e9tica baseada nos estudos de Langer et al.<\/i>, 2017. Cr\u00e9ditos: V\u00e1rios artistas (Ap\u00eandice 1).<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ap\u00eandice 1:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Cariama<\/span><\/i> (Seriema)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\nNicolas Huet \/ Jean Gabriel Pr\u00eatre<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dromaius<\/span><\/i> (Emu)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\nARC CoE CABAH<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gallimimus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nPaleoNeolitic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carnotaurus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nFred Wierum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Argentinosaurus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nTotalDino<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diplodocus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nFred Wierum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saturnalia<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nCaetano Soares<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gnathovorax<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nCaetano Soares<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Triceratops<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nCamus Altamirano<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parasaurolophus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nDebivort<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stegosaurus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/td>\nTotalDino<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Composi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\nDaniel Dias<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O Mesoz\u00f3ico \u00e9 uma era do tempo geol\u00f3gico compreendida entre 252 – 66 milh\u00f5es de anos (m.a.) que come\u00e7a ap\u00f3s a maior extin\u00e7\u00e3o em massa da hist\u00f3ria e se divide em tr\u00eas per\u00edodos, de acordo com aspectos paleobiogeogr\u00e1ficos, sendo esses: Tri\u00e1ssico (252 – 201 m.a.), Jur\u00e1ssico (201 – 143 m.a.) e o Cret\u00e1ceo (143 – […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":593,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3135","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/593"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3135"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3167,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3135\/revisions\/3167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/carlosritter\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}